Mathata a lefu la tsoekere

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Lefu la tsoekere ke lefu la 'mele, le bonahatsoang ke ho haella ha tlhahiso ea insulin kapa ho tlola ketso ea eona. Boloetse bona bo ka thatafatsoa ke maemo a 'maloa a arotsoeng ka lihlopha tse peli tse kholo: li-pathologies tsa a hlobaetsang le tsa morao-rao. Ke ho tsoa lits'ebetsong tseo ho buisanoang ka tsona sehloohong seo hore na nako ea bophelo ba mokuli e itšetlehile hakae.

Lefu la tsoekere la ketoacidosis

Mathata a lefu la tsoekere a kenyeletsa lefu la tsoekere ketoacidosis - ho bola hoa methapo ea metabolic khahlano le lefu le ka tlase, le bonts'itsoeng ke lintlha tse latelang:

  • ka ho felletseng (ka lefu la tsoekere la mofuta oa 1) kapa moena (ea nang le mofuta oa 2 pathology) khaello ea insulin;
  • litekanyetso tse phahameng tsa tsoekere maling (ka holimo ho 14 mmol / l);
  • ho ba teng ha 'mele ea acetone maling le moriring;
  • phetoho ea pH ea mali tseleng ea acidosis (pH e tlase ho 7.2);
  • ho se tsebe hantle mokuli.
Bohlokoa! Mathata leha e le afe a hlobaetsang a lefu la tsoekere, ho kenyeletsa le lefu la tsoekere, a hloka ho kenella sepetlele le mokuli le thuso ea pele. Pele ho tsohle, boemo bona bo khetholloa le mafu a mang, ho kenyelletsa le lefu la tsoekere.

Ka bomalimabe, liphetho tse bolaeang ha lia tloaeleha ka ketoacidosis. Ho ya ka datha e seng ya semmuso, re bua ka 7-10% ea linyeoe tsohle tsa kliniki. Kotsi e eketseha ka makhetlo a 'maloa haeba mokuli e le motho ea tsofetseng ea nang le khatello e tlase ea mali, hammoho le haeba ho na le maloetse a mangata a kopaneng.


Ho tsuba ha acetone ho tsoa molomong - tlhahlobo ea bohlokoa ea tlhahlobo bakeng sa mathata

Lisosa tse susumetsang tsa mathata a ketoacidotic ho lefu la tsoekere ke:

  • mafu a tšoaetsanoang;
  • ts'ebetso ea ho ruruha ea tlhaho e boima;
  • tšenyo ea mochine;
  • ts'ebetso ea ho buoa;
  • ho nka lingaka tsa lihormone (li-glucocorticosteroids, lihormone tsa thobalano) kapa diuretics;
  • nako ea ho ba le ngoana.

Leha ho le joalo, sesosa se atileng haholo sa mathata a nkoa e le boitšoaro bo sa lokelang ba lefu la tsoekere ka bo bona. Re ntse re bua ka ho tlola ente ea insulin, palo e sa nepahalang ea litekanyetso tsa moriana, ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi tse felloeng ke nako, mokhoa o fosahetseng oa ho tsamaisa lihormone.

Matšoao le kalafo

Letsoalo la lefu la tsoekere le hlaha ho feta lihora tse 'maloa,' me le ka qeta matsatsi a mangata. Lenyora la tlhaho, ho ruruha ho eketsehileng, letlalo le omeletseng, ho fokotseha ha boima ba mokuli, le bofokoli bo matla bo ntse bo eketseha. Hamorao, ho hlatsa ho etsahala, bohloko ba ka mpeng, monko oa acetone moeeng o felileng. Matšoao a bonahalang a ho felloa ke metsi 'meleng.

Bakeng sa ts'oaetso ea ts'ohanyetso, tsoekere le asetone ka har'a moroto li ikemiselitse ho sebelisa metsero e hlalosang. Mokhoa ona o sebelisoa ho hlakisa boemo ba mokuli lapeng kapa kamoreng ea maemo a tšohanyetso ea setsi sa bongaka. Tafole e ka tlase e bonts'a mekhoa eo tekanyetso ea lefu la tsoekere e nang le lefu la tsoekere e ikemiselitseng ka eona.

MatšoaoDKA e leka-lekanengDKA ea tekano e leka-lekanengSever DKA
Tekanyo ea tsoekere ka mmol / LKa holimo ho 13Ka holimo ho 13Ka holimo ho 13
Acidity acid (pH)7,25-7,37-7,25Ka tlase ho 7
Li-bicarbonate tsa serum ho meq / L15-1810-15Ka tlase ho 10
'Mele oa acetone maling++++++
'Mele oa acetone ka har'a moroto++++++
Serum osmolarity ho mosmol / lFetohaFetohaFetoha
Ho Utloisisa MamelloHo otselaE lahlehile kapa e ferekane haholoStun / Coma

Phekolo e kenyelletsa:

  • tsamaiso ea insulin;
  • khalemelo ea tekanyo ea motlakase-oa motlakase;
  • ho felisoa ha liphetoho ho mali a pH;
  • kalafo ea maloetse a kopaneng.

Hyperosmolar hyperglycemia

Ena ke phello e matla ea "lefu le monate", le khetholloang ka ho se be teng ha 'mele oa acetone ka har'a moroto le mali tsa mokuli, empa ho tsamaisana le lipalo tse phahameng tsa tsoekere (e ka fihla ho 50 mmol / L), mali a phahameng a plasma osmolarity le ho omella hoa metsi haholo. Psychology ena ke mohlala oa khale oa kholo ea kholo ea lefu la tsoekere.


Tlolo ea tloaelo ea ho noha ke e 'ngoe ea lisosa tsa ho hola ha hyperosmolar coma

Lisosa tsa nts'etsopele ea "hyperosmolar state":

  • mafu a tšoaetsanoang a tsamaeang le hyperthermia, likhahla tsa ho hlatsa;
  • embolism ea pulmonary;
  • ho ruruha ho matla makhophong;
  • thrombosis ea lijana tsa mesenteric;
  • ho tsoa mali
  • maemo a tukang;
  • ho hloleha ha liphio;
  • peraloneal dialysis;
  • ho chesoa ke mocheso kapa hypothermia.
Bohlokoa! Karolo ea mooki le basebeletsi ba bang ba bophelo bo botle ho thibeleng boemo ba hyperosmolar ke ho ruta mokuli mokhoa oa ho hlophisa mofuta oa tloaelo oa ho nooa. Litsebi tsa lefu la tsoekere li lokela ho tseba hore u ke ke ua iphapanyetsa takatso ea ho noa, e bang e 'ngoe ea matšoao a lefu lena.

Lipontšo tsa khatello le kalafo ea eona

Lefu la tsoekere le kalafo ea lona

Hyperosmolar complication e hlaha butle butle ho feta boemo ba ketoacidosis. Matšoao a pele a hlaha matsatsi a 'maloa, kapa esita le libeke, pele ho setšoantšo se khanyang sa kliniki. Ha ho hlahlojoa, mokuli o omelletsoe ke metsi: letlalo la hae le li-mucous tsa hae li omme, turgor e fokotsehile, palpation e lekola hore likhalase tsa mahlo li fetohile tse bonolo.

Hamorao, khatello ea mali ea fokotseha, kamora ho ntša metsi a mangata, ho fokotseha ho hoholo ha moroto kapa ho se be teng ka botlalo. Ha ho na monko oa acetone moeeng o omelletseng le 'mele oa acetone maling le moroto (matšoao a itseng a lumellang ho khetholla phepelo).

Matšoao a amanang le neurological a tšoantšang khatello ea mofuta oa lefu la tsoekere la 2:

  • cramps
  • ho sitisoa ke puo;
  • nystagmus (ho feto-fetoha ha mahlo ho sa khaotseng ha leihlo);
  • paresis le ho holofala;
  • mahlong a kopaneng mahlakore ka kotara kapa halofo ea tšimo ea pono.
Bohlokoa! Butle-butle, boemo ba hyperosmolar bo fetela ho hyperosmolar coma, e hlokang tlhokomelo ea bongaka ea tšohanyetso, ho seng joalo ho ka ba le phello e bolaeang.

Phekolo ea psychology e tšoana le ho tsamaisa kalafo ea ketoacidosis, empa e na le likarolo tse itseng. Phepelo ea metsi e qala ka tharollo ea glucose, hamorao ba fetolela ho hypotonic, ebe tharollo ea 'mele ea sodium chloride. Mefuta e phahameng ea tsoekere 'meleng e fokotseha butle-butle, joalo ka hyperosmolarity.

Lactic acidosis (lactic acidosis)

Boemo bona ke ba hore o na le bothata ba lefu la tsoekere. E tšoauoa ka metabolic acidosis le litekanyetso tse phahameng tsa lactic acid maling. Ka bomalimabe, lactic acidosis maemong a mangata a kliniki e lula e sa lemohuoa, sephetho sa lefu le hlaha ho 80% ea bakuli.

Boemo bo bontšoa ke ho tlosoa butle-butle ha lactic acid 'meleng. E ka hlaha khahlano le semelo sa nts'etsopele ea tishu hypoxia nakong ea maemo a makatsang a fapaneng, khahlano le semelo sa ho se atlehe ha pelo, se nang le chefo ea khabone.

Lisosa tse ling tsa mathata a lefu la tsoekere:

  • ho se sebetse hantle ha sebete kapa liphio;
  • phokolo ea mali
  • mekhoa ea tumor;
  • pancreatitis
  • ho hloleha ha adrenal;
  • ho chesoa ke mocheso;
  • tšebeliso ea meriana (salicylates, ethanol, biguanides).

Lactic acid molek'hule - ntho e bokellanang 'meleng khahlano le nalane ea lactic acidosis

Bakeng sa ho tseba boemo ba pathological ka nepo, hoa hlokahala ho hlakisa boemo ba lactate maling. Joaloka molao, matšoao a eona a feta 2.2 meq / l, khafetsa - 5 meq / l. Ho thata ho etsa tlhahlobo e nepahetseng hobane matšoao ha a hlalose. Ba ka hola ka mokhoa oa chefo ea "greatuanide". Letšoao feela le etsang hore u nahane ke bohloko ba mesifa. E etsahala khahlano le semelo sa ho bokelloa ha lactic acid 'meleng.

Bohlokoa! Ho nyoriloe ka letsoalo la kelello, ho phefumoloha ka lerata, le utloang o le hole, o sa tsebe letho. Coma e ka hola ka potlako ho feta lihora tse 'maloa.

Phekolo e kenyelletsa ho khethoa ha phekolo ea oksijene, tsamaiso ea methapo ea tsoekere e nang le insulin e nkang nakoana, ho hlahisa tekanyetso e nyane ea sodium bicarbonate, le hemodialysis.

Hypoglycemia

Mohlala oa mathata a lefu la tsoekere ho bana le ho batho ba baholo. Boemo bo khetholloa ke ho fokotseha hoa lipalo tsa glucose ea mali ka tlase ho 2.7 mmol / L, e tsamaeang le setšoantšo sa kliniki, kapa ka tlase ho 2.2 mmol / L, ho sa tsotelehe hore na matšoao a teng. Hypoglycemia e na le mefuta e 'meli:

  • bonolo - mokuli a ka ikemisetsa ho tlosa lipontšo tsa mathata;
  • kali - pathology e tsamaea le letsoalo le sa lematseng, motho ha a khone ho ikemela ka mokhoa o ikemetseng.

Tse latelang ke lintlha tsa mantlha tse bakang kholo ea mathata a lefu la tsoekere la mofuta oa pele kapa oa bobeli. Lintlha tse amanang le kalafo ea hypoglycemic ea lithethefatsi li arotsoe ka lihlopha tse tharo tse kholo:

  1. Tekanyetso e fetelletseng ea lipilisi tsa insulin kapa tse fokotsang tsoekere - mokuli o khethile lethal dose ka mokhoa o fosahetseng (a sebelisitsoe ho feta kamoo ho hlokahalang), liphoso ts'ebetsong ea pene ea insulin, mitha e sa sebetseng hantle ea tsoekere ea mali (lipalo tse phahameng ho feta kamoo e leng ka teng), tšebeliso e fetelletseng ea mohopolo ka morao ho sepheo sa ho ipolaea.
  2. Liphetoho ts'ebetsong ea insulin kapa matlapa a li-antogogscemic - phetoho ho tloha ho lithethefatsi tse ling ho ea ho tse ling, e liehisa ho felisoa ha lithethefatsi khahlanong le semelo sa ho se sebetse hantle hoa boteng, ho ba teng hoa li-antibodies ho li-hormone tsa pancreatic, mokhoa o sa nepahalang oa taolo, ho kenella ha li-agents tse 'maloa tsa hypoglycemic.
  3. Kutloisiso e eketsehang ea li-hormone - ts'ebetso ea 'mele e sebetsang, nako e kamora ho hlaha ha ngoana ka leseling, adrenal kapa ho hloleha ha sebete.

Ho na le lintlha tse amanang le phepo ea motho. Mohlala, mokuli a ka fetoa ke nako ea lijo kapa lijo tse ka sehloohong, ho ikoetlisa ho ka 'nang ha se baloe ka tekanyetso ea lithethefatsi, ho ja joala, libeke tse 12 tse qalang tsa kemaro le nako ea ho anyesa ho ka hlaha.


Tsoekere e tlase ea mali - boemo ba hypoglycemia bo hlokang khalemelo e potlakileng ea bongaka

Matšoao le kalafo

Nakong ea mafu a mantlha, mathata a lefu la tsoekere (mofuta oa 1, mofuta oa 2, sebopeho sa ho ikoetlisa) bakuli ba tletleba ka ho fufuleloa ho feteletseng, hlooho, ho tsekela, ho thothomela, ho nyekeloa le pelo le tlala e matla.

Joale matšoao a sehlopha sa matšoao a neuroglycopenic a a kenella. Tsena li kenyelletsa bofokoli, kutloelo-bohloko ea letlalo, ho tšaba, ho ferekana sebakeng le nako, ho lebala ka nakoana. Lethathamo le boetse le kenyeletsa ho akheha le ho akheha.

Bohlokoa! Ha se matšoao 'ohle a tla ba teng ka har'a hypoglycemic state ea mokuli ka mong. Setšoantšo sa tliliniki se ka fetoha ka lehlakoreng le leng. Ka tloaelo, ha palo ea tsoekere e maling e fokotseha ka sekhahla, e ba matšoao a hlakileng le ho feta.

Mehato ea ho felisa boemo ba hypoglycemic e lokela ho qala ho bakuli ba nang le lefu la tsoekere, ha boemo ba glucose bo le maemong a 3,3-3.7 mmol / L. Ena ke khetho e ntle ka ho fetisisa e ke keng ea lumella tsoekere ho theoha. Hypoglycemia e bonolo e felisoa ke ho kenella ka ntho e monate. Mohlala, liswiti, libiskiti, tee e chesang e chesang, jeme. Litsebi tsa lefu la tsoekere la kalafo ea insulin li lokela ho lula li e-na le ntho e monate.

Ketso tsa mathata a tebileng (le mofuta oa lefu la tsoekere 1, 2, sebopeho):

  1. Beha motho lehlakoreng la hae, e le hore maemong a ho se tsebe le a ho hlatsa, ho hlatsa ho se ke ha tsoa letlalong.
  2. Tlosa maloanlahla ohle a molomo. U ke ke ua tlatsa motho ka lino tse tsoekere molomong oa hae haeba a sa tsebe letho.
  3. Tharollo ea tsoekere e kenngoa mothapong ho fihlela mokuli a hlaphoheloa.
  4. Glucagon e kenngoa ka tlasa letlalo kapa mesifa. Ntho ena e tšeloa ka har'a mothapo oa syringe.
  5. Ho kena sepetlele lefapheng la sepetlele sa endocrinology kapa lefapha la ho tsosa le tlhokomelo e matla.

Haeba motho a le bothateng ba ho qeta nako e fetang lihora tse 4-6, menyetla ea ho ba le edema ea "cerebral" le "sephetho se bolaeang" e eketseha makhetlo a 'maloa.

Mathata a sa foleng

Nako le boleng ba bophelo ba batho ba lefu la tsoekere ka nako eo ho latela hore na mathata a lefu la tsoekere a tsoile kapele hakae le hore na a tsoela pele joang kapele. Mathata ohle a sa foleng a lefu la tsoekere a arotsoe ka lihlopha tse tharo tse kholo: methapo ea methapo ea methapo ea methapo, methapo ea methapo.


Mathata a sa foleng - methapo e sa phekoleheng

Sehlopha sa "microvascular pathologies" se kenyelletsa retinopathy (tšenyo ea tlhahlobo ea pono) le nephropathy (tšenyo ea liphio). Mathata a macrovascular a emeloa ke lefu la pelo, bokong le methapo ea mali ea liphula tse tlase. Diabetes neuropathy ho latela sebaka sa tšenyo e arotsoe ho peripheral le autonomic.

Bohlokoa! Mathata a Microvascular (microangiopathies) a bitsoa ho hlola ha li-arterioles le li-capillaries tse nyane, ka li-macrovascular pathologies (macroangiopathy) tseo re buang ka tsona tse kenyelletsang methapo ea methapo e meholo le e meholo ea methapo ea methapo.

Nephropathy ea lefu la tsoekere

E 'ngoe ea mefuta e fapaneng ea methapo ea methapo ea methapo mantlha ea lefu la tsoekere, e khetholloang ka ho kenya letsoho ts'ebetsong ea liphio. Ho na le mefuta e 'meli:

  • nodular glomerulosulinosis;
  • glomerulosulinosis ea mofuta o mongata.

Phello ke ho se sebetse hantle ke lefutso. Nephropathy e hlaha ho lefu la tsoekere le leng le le leng la boraro le nang le mofuta oa lefu lena, le ho moemeli e mong le e mong oa bone oa lefu lena. E le molao, complication e etsahala lilemo tse 10-15 kamora ho qala ha lefu la tsoekere.

Lephropathy ea lefu la tsoekere e ba teng ha ho se na taolo e lekaneng ea tsoekere ea mali, khatello ea mali maemong a amanang le lefutso. Letšoao le ka sehloohong la kliniki ea ho senyeha ha liphio ke microalbuminuria (ponahalo ea protheine e nyane ka har'a moroto), e fetelang ka har'a proteinuria (e nang le liprotheine tse ngata mohloling oa moroto).


Glomerulosulinosis - boemo ba liphio, bo tsamaeang le ponahalo ea protheine mochineng

Microalbuminuria e tšoauoa ka lipalo tse latelang: 20-199 mg / ml ea albin ka har'a moroto, 30-299 mg e hlahisoang ka letsatsi. Ho proteinuria, lipalo li feta 200 mg / ml le 300 mg, ka ho latellana.

Melao-motheo ea kalafo:

  • taolo ea glycemic;
  • Li-inhibitors tsa ACE;
  • li-statins le li-fibrate (ha ho e-na le kemaro);
  • thibelo ea ho ja liprotheine lijong.

Lefu la tsoekere la retinopathy

Ho hlola ha choroid mokokotlong oa lefu la tsoekere. E hlaha kamora lilemo tse 5-7 ho tloha ho qala ha lefu lena lefu la tsoekere le leng le le leng la bobeli, kamora lilemo tse 20 - maemong a 85%.

Mekha ea retinopathy (litšoantšo tse nang le naha e fetotsoeng ea fundus li ka bonoa libakeng tse ikhethang):

  • Sebopeho se bonolo - holim'a tlhahlobo se khetholloa ke ho ba teng ha li-aneurysms tse nyane le li-exudates tse tsitsitseng, ha ho na litletlebo tse tsoang ho mokuli.
  • Maculopathy - hemorrhages le boteng ba li-exudates tse tiileng ka har'a macula li bonoa, li-acuity tse bonoang li lula li tloaelehile.
  • Preproliferation - ponahalo ea li-exudates tse bonolo, methapo e ea khothatsoa, ​​ho senyeha hoa kelello ho etsahala.
  • Proliferation - neoplasms, fokotseha pono ea mahlo ho fihlela bofofu, glaucoma.

Bohlokoa! Bakeng sa kalafo, ho lokisoa ha glycemia ho laetsoe, sethaleng sa ho pepeta - laser Photocoagulation (e lumella ho fokotsa tahlehelo ea pono), sethaleng sa keketseho - vitibleomy.


Liphetoho tse bonoang nakong ea tlhahlobo ea fundus ea mokuli mokokotlong oa retinopathy

Lefu la tsoekere

Bothata bo sa foleng bo khethiloeng ke tšenyo ea tsamaiso ea methapo. Lilemo tse 15 kamora hore nts'etsopele ea lefu la tsoekere e hlahe ho 80% ea bakuli. E etsahala khahlano le semelo sa tšenyo ea methapo, liphetoho lits'ebetsong tsa bolulo.

Pheripalal neuropathy e tsamaea le litletlebo tsa bohloko bo hlobaetsang, bo utloisang bohloko bo lipelong tse tlase, ho tsitsipana, ho tsikinyeha. Ho na le tlolo ea maikutlo a mmuso oa mocheso, ho fokotseha ha maemo a bonojo, maikutlo a bohloko (hangata batho ba nang le lefu la tsoekere ha ba utloe ponahalo ea poone, maqeba maotong, e lebisang tšoaetsong le nts'etsopele ea lefu la tsoekere la lefu la tsoekere). Ho na le lits'oants'o tsa bosiu, ho se khone ho tsamaea sebaka se selelele, ho se tsitse ho ba teng ka tšohanyetso.

Khahlano le boits'oaro ba litho tsa kahare, re bua ka neuronomic e ikemetseng:

  • lefu la kelello ka lehlakoreng le leng la pelo - kizungu, khatello e tlase ea mali, palpitations ea pelo;
  • bladder neuropathy - ho ruruha ho senyeha, ho ruruha ka moroto;
  • ho senya mpa - litlhaselo tsa ho nyekeloa le ho hlatsa, gastroparesis;
  • neuropathy ea letlalo - ho oma kapa ho fufuleloa.

Melao-motheo ea kalafo e kenyelletsa ho fihlella lipalo tse nepahetseng tsa glycemic, ho nka li-antidepressants le li-anticonvulsants, litokisetso tsa thioctic acid, livithamini tsa B, le physiotherapy.


Meriana ea Thioctic acid e thehiloeng ka bongata - sehlopha sa lithethefatsi tse sebelisoang haholo ho lefu la tsoekere

Lefu la lefu la tsoekere

Khatello e joalo e tšoauoa ka ho ba teng ha ts'oaetso, ulcers kapa tšenyo ea lisele tse tebileng tsa maoto, tse etsahalang khahlano le semelo sa tlolo ea phepelo ea mali ka lebaka la ts'enyo ea methapo ea methapo e tlase. E hlaha kotara ea batho ba lefu la tsoekere. Ts'ebetso ea methapo ea methapo e etsahalang le bakuli e ka bonoa lifotong tse behiloeng libakeng tse ikhethang.

Lihlopheng tsa tlokotsi bakeng sa kholo ea lefu lena le kenyeletsa:

  • batho ba nang le lefu la tsoekere ba nang le polyneuropathy ea pherekano;
  • ho ba teng ha maemo afe kapa afe a methapo ea methapo ea mali;
  • mefokolo ea leoto ea tšimoloho efe kapa efe;
  • ho ba teng ha mathata a mang a sa foleng a lefu la tsoekere;
  • ho tsuba le tšebeliso e mpe ea joala;
  • botsofali.

Phekolo e thehiloe kalafong ea insulin, ho nka lithibela-mafu, heparin, li-antiplatelet, venotonics, matlafatso a kalafo, antispasmodics le NSAIDs.
Lefu la tsoekere le mathata ke mantsoe a mabeli ao ka bomalimabe a ke keng a ba teng ka thoko. Ho bohlokoa ho thibela nts'etsopele ea maemo a methapo, kaha ho ke ke ha khoneha ho ba folisa hona joale.

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